Parallel CNN-ELM: A multiclass classification of chest X-ray images to identify seventeen lung diseases including COVID-19.

Numerous epidemic lung diseases such as COVID-19, tuberculosis (TB), and pneumonia have spread over the world, killing millions of people. Medical specialists have experienced challenges in correctly identifying these diseases due to their subtle differences in Chest X-ray images (CXR). To assist the medical experts, this study proposed a computer-aided lung illness identification method based on the CXR images. For the first time, 17 different forms of lung disorders were considered and the study was divided into six trials with each containing two, two, three, four, fourteen, and seventeen different forms of lung disorders. The proposed framework combined robust feature extraction capabilities of a lightweight parallel convolutional neural network (CNN) with the classification abilities of the extreme learning machine algorithm named CNN-ELM. An optimistic accuracy of 90.92% and an area under the curve (AUC) of 96.93% was achieved when 17 classes were classified side by side. It also accurately identified COVID-19 and TB with 99.37% and 99.98% accuracy, respectively, in 0.996 microseconds for a single image. Additionally, the current results also demonstrated that the framework could outperform the existing state-of-the-art (SOTA) models. On top of that, a secondary conclusion drawn from this study was that the prospective framework retained its effectiveness over a range of real-world environments, including balanced-unbalanced or large-small datasets, large multiclass or simple binary class, and high- or low-resolution images. A prototype Android App was also developed to establish the potential of the framework in real-life implementation.

A Real Time Method for Distinguishing COVID-19 Utilizing 2D-CNN and Transfer Learning.

Rapid identification of COVID-19 can assist in making decisions for effective treatment and epidemic prevention. The PCR-based test is expert-dependent, is time-consuming, and has limited sensitivity. By inspecting Chest R-ray (CXR) images, COVID-19, pneumonia, and other lung infections can be detected in real time. The current, state-of-the-art literature suggests that deep learning (DL) is highly advantageous in automatic disease classification utilizing the CXR images. The goal of this study is to develop models by employing DL models for identifying COVID-19 and other lung disorders more efficiently. For this study, a dataset of 18,564 CXR images with seven disease categories was created from multiple publicly available sources. Four DL architectures including the proposed CNN model and pretrained VGG-16, VGG-19, and Inception-v3 models were applied to identify healthy and six lung diseases (fibrosis, lung opacity, viral pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, COVID-19, and tuberculosis). Accuracy, precision, recall, f1 score, area under the curve (AUC), and testing time were used to evaluate the performance of these four models. The results demonstrated that the proposed CNN model outperformed all other DL models employed for a seven-class classification with an accuracy of 93.15% and average values for precision, recall, f1-score, and AUC of 0.9343, 0.9443, 0.9386, and 0.9939. The CNN model equally performed well when other multiclass classifications including normal and COVID-19 as the common classes were considered, yielding accuracy values of 98%, 97.49%, 97.81%, 96%, and 96.75% for two, three, four, five, and six classes, respectively. The proposed model can also identify COVID-19 with shorter training and testing times compared to other transfer learning models.

COVID-19 Detection from Chest X-ray Images Using Feature Fusion and Deep Learning.

Currently, COVID-19 is considered to be the most dangerous and deadly disease for the human body caused by the novel coronavirus. In December 2019, the coronavirus spread rapidly around the world, thought to be originated from Wuhan in China and is responsible for a large number of deaths. Earlier detection of the COVID-19 through accurate diagnosis, particularly for the cases with no obvious symptoms, may decrease the patient's death rate. Chest X-ray images are primarily used for the diagnosis of this disease. This research has proposed a machine vision approach to detect COVID-19 from the chest X-ray images. The features extracted by the histogram-oriented gradient (HOG) and convolutional neural network (CNN) from X-ray images were fused to develop the classification model through training by CNN (VGGNet). Modified anisotropic diffusion filtering (MADF) technique was employed for better edge preservation and reduced noise from the images. A watershed segmentation algorithm was used in order to mark the significant fracture region in the input X-ray images. The testing stage considered generalized data for performance evaluation of the model. Cross-validation analysis revealed that a 5-fold strategy could successfully impair the overfitting problem. This proposed feature fusion using the deep learning technique assured a satisfactory performance in terms of identifying COVID-19 compared to the immediate, relevant works with a testing accuracy of 99.49%, specificity of 95.7% and sensitivity of 93.65%. When compared to other classification techniques, such as ANN, KNN, and SVM, the CNN technique used in this study showed better classification performance. K-fold cross-validation demonstrated that the proposed feature fusion technique (98.36%) provided higher accuracy than the individual feature extraction methods, such as HOG (87.34%) or CNN (93.64%).